Glossary and acronyms

access to markets

Generally refers to how many and/or in which way people are able to buy or sell, and reach, a reliable supplier or buyer in a market

ADG

Additional Director General

ADP

Annual Development Plan

AEO

Agricultural Extension Officer

AGEP

Agricultural Growth and Employment Program

ail

a shallow earth bund on plot boundaries which allows the ponding of water for basin irrigation

AIS

Agricultural Information Systems

aman

a rice crop usually planted in March/April under dryland conditions, but in areas liable to deep flooding. Also known as deepwater rice. Harvested from October to December. All varieties are highly sensitive to daylength.

ARM

Annual Review Mission, the broad objective of which was to secure and where possible further enhance the relevance, efficiency, effectiveness and sustainability of the project. ARM members were individuals who were appointed by, and reported directly to, EKN and BWDB/DAE

arotdar

service provider to bepari and paikers in wholesale markets. Facilitates the buying/selling process, and may provide negotiation assistance with purchases, storage space, selling space, short term and seasonal credit, and arrange truck transport of goods purchased by bepari to market

aus

a rice crop planted in March/April under dryland conditions. Matures during pre-monsoonal showers and is harvested in June/July. Insensitive to daylength.

B Aman

broadcast aman; a rice crop usually planted in March/April under dryland conditions, but in areas liable to deep flooding. Also known as deepwater rice. Harvested from October to December. All varieties are highly sensitive to daylength.

B Aus

broadcast aus; a rice crop planted in March/April under dryland conditions. Matures during pre-monsoonal showers and is harvested in June/July. Insensitive to daylength.

BADC

Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation

bagda

brackish-water shrimp species

baor

oxbow lake

bari

a homestead in which one or more households (chula) of the same kinship group share facilities within an enclosed or semi-enclosed compound

BARI

Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute

basok leaves

basok leaves are the leaves of a medicinal shrub found along road roadside, often used as fencing of houses in our polders (especially in Satkhira and Khulna) that are dried and then sold to pharmaceutical companies for medicine preparation, in particular to prepare cough syrup.

BAU

Bangladesh Agricultural University

BBS

Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics

BCIC

Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation

BDP

Bangladesh Delta Plan

BDS

Business Development Services

BDT

Bangladesh Taka

beel

wetland inundated for at least one season per year, formed by the inundation of a low-lying natural depression

beneficiary

Any individual or group who, in one way or another is favourably influenced by the project.

bepari

key wholesaler in the supply chain, moves goods between markets by buying in source markets and selling in destination markets, and exerts the main influence on price earned by farmers.

BGIF

Blue Gold Innovation Fund

BGP

Blue Gold Program

BHWDB

Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board

bigha

area varies between localities - range 30-40 decimals (0.12-0.16 ha)

BINA

Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture

borgadar

share-cropper

boro

A rice crop planted under irrigation during the dry season from December to March and harvested between April and June. Local boro varieties are more tolerant of cool temperatures and are usually planted in areas which are subject to early flooding. Improved varieties, less tolerant of cool conditions, are usually transplanted from February onwards. All varieties are insensitive to daylength.

BRAC

Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (an NGO)

branch khal

Secondary or tertiary drainage channel (in Bangla sakha khal)

brinjal

eggplant, aubergine

bundh

small earthen embankment or dam

BWDB

Bangladesh Water Development Board, government agency which is responsible for surface water and groundwater management in Bangladesh, and lead implementing agency for the Blue Gold Program

BWFMS

Bangladesh Water and Flood Management Strategy

cage fishing

cage culture is an aquaculture production system in which the fish are held in floating net pens using existing water resources (riverss and ponds) with water passing freely between the fish and the surrounding water body for water circulation and waste removal into the surrounding water.

catchment

an idealised hydrologically independent drainage unit within a polder - comprising a network of inter-connected khals draining to a regulator from where water is discharged to a peripheral river. Because the land levels in a polder vary within a small range (typically up to a maximum of 1.5 m), water flows can be affected by downstream water conditions and eventually drain through more than one regulator at diffferent times of year. .

catchment planning

Identification and planning of both interventions and operations & maintenance within the catchment, resulting in an action plan for the catchment.

CAWM

Community-led Agricultural Water Management

Community-led Agricultural Water Management - with DAE, Blue Gold established a network of schemes for demonstration purposes where locally-applicable annual cropping patterns are introduced along with water level control facilitated by small-scale water infrastructure, and the development of value chain skills in farmers

CDF

CDFs

Community Development Facilitator

Community Development Facilitator - a member of the Blue Gold technical assistance team who lived and worked in a specific polder, and provided the main point of contact between the project and the polder communities

CDMP

Comprehensive Disaster Management Program

CDSP

Char Development and Settlement Project

CEGIS

Center for Environmental and Geographic Information Services

CEIP

Coastal Embankment Improvement Project

CFWM

Community-led Fisheries and Water Management

CGIAR

Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research

chal

husked rice

char

accreted sediment in a river course or estuary, including both lateral (point-bars) and medial (braid-bars). Chars (or sand bars) emerge as islands within the river channel (island chars) or as attached land to the riverbanks (attached chars), create new opportunities for temporary settlements and agriculture.

chula

Literally a traditional cooking stove. Used here to identify a household - an independent economic family unit - which shares kitchen facilities and eats together

CI

cropping intensity

Cropping intensity - The number of crop harvest per unit land per year. The average cropping intensity (CI) is calculated as the total area of all crops per year divided by the area of cultivable land. In its CI calculations BGP treats fish ghers as another crop; the DAE method excludes fish ghers in its CI calculations. Hence the CI calculated by BGP is higher than as calculated by DAE.

CII

Cropping Intensity Initiative

Cropping Intensity Initiative: Year-long demonstrations with farmers on increasing cropping intensity related to improved water management, also involving market actors, and by organising demand driven sessions and workshops

CIMMYT

International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre

CLF

Community-led Fisheries

CO

COs

Community Organiser

CA

collective action

collective actions

Collective action - by a producer group is one way to partially overcome constraints such as in weak markets, where inputs and services essential to production innovations, are generally scarce, costly to access and/or to obtain. Collective action is working in group instead of individually in order to gain economic or social benefit. Through collective action, farmers can address constraints in their market linkages, organise their activities jointly and use their collective bargaining power to reduce input costs through bulk purchase, or to obtain services from buyers such as farm-level collection of produce

commercial agriculture

agricultural production aimed at meeting market-demands. It is based on establishing a profitable farming unit and involves a multitude of business relations with other actors in the market system. Used in contrast to subsistence farming which focuses mostly on home consumption.

CAHW

Community Animal Health Workers

Community Animal Health Workers: members of the community who are trained to provide farmers with basic health and production support for their animals

CLW

Community Livestock Workers

Community Livestock Workers: members of the community who are trained to provide farmers with basic health and production support for their livestock

community mobilization

Community mobilization is a process that brings together different societal factions to undertake development activities. Within BGP this especially refers to organizing the community members into Water Management Groups

control structure

A permanent structure placed in a farm canal, ditch, or subsurface drainage conduit, which provides control of the discharge of surface and/or subsurface drainage by menas of flashboards, gates, valves, risers, or pipes.

CPP-FAP-20

Compartmentalization Pilot Project (CPP)-FAP-20

CPW

Community Poultry Workers

Community Poultry Workers: members of the community who are trained to provide farmers with basic health and production support for their poultry

CPWF

Challenge Programme on Water and Food

cross-dam

Earthen embankment placed across a khal or river to prevent water flow.

CSISA

Cereal Systems Initiative for South Asia

culvert

A culvert is a structure that allows water to flow beneath a road, railroad, trail, or similar obstruction from one side to the other.

CWM

Chief of Water Management (BWDB)

CYSs

courtyard sessions

DAE

Department of Agricultural Extension, a department of the Ministry of Agriculture responsible for disseminating scientific research and new knowledge on agricultural practices through communication and learning activities for farmers in agriculture, agricultural marketing, nutrition and business studies.

DAM

Department of Agricultural Marketing

DANIDA

Danish International Development Agency

decimal

one hundredth of an acre (0.004 ha)

DFID

Department for International Development (UK government's development department); since September 2020, known as Foreign and Commonwealth Development Office - FCDO - after a merger with Foreign and Commonwealth Office - FCO

DG

Director General

dhan

unhusked rice (paddy)

dheki

manually operated rice husking machine

diversification of agriculture

Movement of resources from (few) low value commodities to more higher value ones, increasing the total production value and reducing risks

DLS

Department of Livestock Services, a government department under the Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock responsible for the livestock industry in Bangladesh

DoC

Department of Cooperatives

DoE

Department of Environment

DoF

Department of Fisheries, a government department under the Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock responsible for regulating the fisheries industry in Bangladesh

DP III

Department of Planning III, one of three planning departments in BWDB headed by a Superintending Engineer which reports to the Chief Engineer (Civil) Planning to the Assistant Director General (Planning)

DPP

DPPs

Development Project Proforma

Development Project Proforma: a formal document which sets out the intention of a GoB organisation to invest in a development project, seeking approval for the investment and, if successful, a budget allocation. The DPP follows a prescribed format, including the project’s financial and physical scope, benefits, and proposals for monitoring and internal and external audits. The approval of a development project proposal follows a number of stages: formation with preliminary studies, formulation to develop greater detail and with additional information to make the economic case for the project, scrutiny by the executing agencies and concerned ministries, appraisal by the Planning Commission, recommendation for approval by Project Evaluation Committee (PEC), Minister/ECNEC approval, and inclusion of a budgetary allocation in the Annual Development Plan (ADP).

drainage congestion

the south-western coastal zone is characterised by broad tidal flats and fluvio-tidal plains, lying approximately 1 metre above sea level, with drainage provided by numerous tidal creeks and channels a some major rivers. Empolderisation now protects the intrusion of sea water to agricultural areas but restricts the deposition of sediments to within the channels, thus reducing the drainage capacity of the rivers and channels, causing drainage congestion.

DRR

Disaster Risk Reduction

Disaster Risk Reduction - The Union Disaster Management Committee (UDMC) has been given the mandate to lead disaster preparedness, mitigation, emergency response and post disaster rehabilitation, by informing local people, empowering them to take practical measures to reduce risk at household and community levels and to disseminate success stories of reducing disaster risks widely among local people.

DTL

Deputy Team Leader

DTW

deep tube wells

EC

Executive Committee

EC members

Members of the Executive Committees of Water Management Organisations, i.e. of Water Management Groups or Water Management Associations. Each Executive Committee consists of 12 members, of whom at least 30% should be women as per government rules

ECC

Environmental Clearance Certificate

economic growth

Increase in the capacity of a country or an economic region to produce goods and services. It also refers to the increase in market value of the goods and services produced by an economy. It is usually calculated using inflation adjusted figures, in order to discount the effect of inflation on the price of the goods and services produced

EDP

Estuary Development Program

EIA

EIAs

Environmental Impact Assessment

EIP

Early Implementation Project

EKN

Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the contractual representative of the Minister of Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation of the Netherlands and signatory to the agreement for the Blue Gold Program with the External Resources Division of the Ministry of Finance as the signatory for the Government of Bangladesh

embankment

Earthen dyke or bundh raised above surrounding ground level, for example so that roads or railway lines are above highest flood levels, or so that an area is empoldered to protect it from external floods and saline waters.

EMM

Euroconsult Mott MacDonald

empolder

to surround an area of low-lying land by an earthen embankment to prevent flooding by river or seawater, with associated structures which are provided to either drain excess rainwater within the polder or to admit freshwater to be stored in a khal for subsequent use for irrigation.

empowerment

empowerment is a process, enabling people to make choices and convert these into desired actions and results. In doing so, people take control of their own lives, improve their own position, set their own agenda, gain skills, develop self-confidence, solve problems, and develop self-sufficiency. Empowerment leads to genuine participation of all actors as it is a process of gaining self-confidence for individual development as well as to contribute towards development of others.

enabling environment

an environment of policies, regulations, norms, institutions, and overall economic governance which allows market systems to function and perform well

EO

Earth Observation

EOI

Expression of Interest

EPWAPDA

East Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority

EWM

Equitable Water Management

fall boards

boards temporarily placed in slots or grooves in the pier walls of regulators or sluices to prevent the flow of water during maintenance of the structure or gates.

FAO

Food and Agriculture Organization

FAP

Flood Action Plan

fariahs

small traders

FCD

Flood Control and Drainage

FCDI

Flood Control, Drainage and Irrigation

feasibility study

feasibility studies

A feasibility study is an analysis that takes all of a project's relevant factors into account—including economic, technical, legal, and scheduling considerations—to ascertain the likelihood of completing the project successfully.

feminization of agriculture

Feminization of agriculture refers to the measurable increase of women's participation in the agricultural sector. This can be due to men taking up non-farm employment locally, male out-migration from rural areas to urban areas or abroad, poverty (need for women to raise income), and/or women's empowerment (women taking own initiatives to engage in agricultural production). The increase in agricultural productivity requiring more labour input (be it family or wage labour) can also contribute to a larger role of women in agriculture.

FFD

Farmer Field Day

Farmer Field Days

Farmer Field Day - Exchange events organized at the end of each Farmer Field School to share the FFS learnings with other community members

FFS

FFSs

Farmer Field School

Farmer Field Schools

Farmer Field School - A group-based learning process through which farmers carry out experiential learning activities that help them to understand the ecology of their fields, based on simple experiments, regular field observations and group analysis. The knowledge gained from these activities enables participants to make their own locally specific decisions about crop management practices. This approach represents a radical departure from earlier agricultural extension programmes, in which farmers were expected to adopt generalized recommendations that are formulated by specialists from outside the community.

FGD

FGDs

Focus Group Discussions - in which a group of participants from similar backgrounds or experiences gather to discuss a specific topic of interest, guided by a group facilitator who introduces the topics for discussion and helps the group to participate in a lively and natural discussion amongst themselves

flap gate

Hinged gate on the river-side of a regulator vent which automatically closes when water rises above the country-side water level.

flushing

The practice of admitting (fresh or saline) water for irrigation (or shrimp production) through regulators or inlets.

FO

FOs

FFS Organiser in the technical assistance (TA) team

FRERMIP

Flood and Riverbank Erosion Risk Management Investment Program - A program financed by ADB and EKN with consultancy services provided by Northwest Hydraulic Consutants and Mott MacDonald, which provided structural and non-structural flood and riverbank erosion risk management measures in three high priority subproject areas, with the aim in subsequent projects of extending the protected reaches using designs adjusted to current riverbank erosion conditions and considering the possibilities of reclaiming lost floodplain land.

FS

Feasibility Study / Feasibility Stage, especially of Blue Gold Innovation Fund projects

FT

FTs

Farmer Trainer

Farmer Trainers

Farmer Trainer - Well-performing and capable farmers, previously trained in Farmer Field Schools, who became FFS facilitator themselves after ToT training

FY

Financial Year

GAP

Gender Action Plan

GDP

gross domestic product

GED

General Economics Division, one of six divisions in the Planning Commission, with responsibility for the preparation of mid- and long-term plans; M&E of plans; and the determination of macroeconomic scenarios

gender

Refers to socially constructed and therefore learned roles and responsibilities ascribed to men and women, girls and boys based on their sex. Gender is not the same as sex, the physical and biological attributes that make someone female, male or both. Gender comprises the expectations, roles, attitudes and behaviours of women and men. Gender roles change over time and vary within and between cultures, societies and classes.

gender blindness

Gender-blindness refers to the failure to identify or acknowledge differences on the basis of gender where it is significant. Projects, programs, policies and attitudes which are gender blind do not take into account the different roles and needs of men and women. They maintain or reinforce the status quo and will not help transform the unequal structure of gender relations.

gender equality

Gender equality exists when men and women, boys and girls are attributed equal social value, equal rights and equal responsibilities; and men and women have equal access to the means (resources, opportunities) to exercise those rights and responsibilities. This does not mean that women and men will become the same, but rather that rights, responsibilities and opportunities will not depend on whether someone is born male or female.

gender equity

Equity strategies refer to the processes used to achieve gender equality. Equity involves fairness in representation, participation, and benefits afforded to males and females. The goal is that both groups have a fair chance of having their needs met and that they have equal access to opportunities for realizing their full potential as human beings.

gender indicators

Gender indicators are performance indicators that help assess or measure the effects of a policy, programme or project on changes in gender relations and the status of men and women, and hence the extent of advancement of gender equality and/or women's empowerment. Gender indicators can be quantitative and qualitative.

gender issues

Any issue where relations, differences, connections and/or inequalities between men and women have either a positive or negative effect or influence

gender mainstreaming

This is the process of systematically recognizing and taking into account gender issues (such as differences between the conditions, roles and needs of women and men) within core activities of projects and programmes and covering design, implementation and M&E. Gender mainstreaming also takes into account the likely implications for men and women of planned interventions.

gender relations

Gender relations are the specific sub-set of social relations uniting men and women as social groups in a particular community, including how power and access to and control over resources are distributed between the sexes. Gender relations intersect with all other influences on social relations - age, ethnicity, race, religion - to determine the position and identity of people in a social group. Since gender relations are a social construct, they can be transformed over time to become more equitable.

gender-sensitive approach

Refers to recognizing and taking into account gender issues, aiming to promote gender equality

GESAP

Gender Equality Strategy and Action Plan (of BWDB)

gher

ghers

An area enclosed by low embankments to store either freshwater or brackish water for the production of fish, shrimps or prawns.

GIS

Geographic Information Systems

GLD

Gender and Leadership Development (training)

GoB

Government of Bangladesh; a donor to the Blue Gold Program

golda

freshwater prawn species

GoN

Government of the Netherlands; a donor to the Blue Gold Program

GPWM

Guidelines for Participatory Water Management

gusthi

kinship group which traces its origins to a common male ancestor - an important element of social identity in a village

ha

hectare

hajol

hajols

A hajol is an unfired earthenware nesting vessel for egg hatching, with small receptacles for water and seed to provide the immediate needs. The hajol saves the hen effort and time for searching food, thus ensuring proper hatching in less time, thereby reducing egg waste.

hat

small rural market, held weekly or bi-weekly

HBB

herringbone bond - a brickwork pattern used as the wearing course for rural roads with a low traffic volume

HH

HHs

Household

highland

0-30 cm: intermittent flooding, land suited to HYV T Aman in monsoon season

HL

Horizontal Learning

Learning from peers; and in the context of Blue Gold, farmer-to-farmer learning in which a host WMG invites representatives from visiting WMGs to witness an event - such as the harvesting of a new variety of rice - to pass on the knowledge and lessons gained from their experience

HR

Human Resources

HVC

high value crop(s)

HYV

High Yielding Variety

High Yielding Variety - Introduced varieties developed through formal breeding programs. HYVs have a higher yield potential than local varieties but require correspondingly high inputs of fertiliser and irrigation to achieve high yields.

IBRD

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

ICM

Integrated Crop Management

ICRD

Integrated Coastal Resources Database

ICT

Information Communication Technology

ICZM

Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) - Assistance to the Programme Development Office of the Integrated Coastal Zone Management Programme (PDO-ICZM)

IF

Innovation Fund

IFI

International Financing Institution eg World Bank, Asian Development Bank

IFMC

Integrated Farm Management Component (DANIDA-funded program)

IGA

Income Generating Activity

IMIP

Irrigation Management Improvement project (IMIP)

IMRC

Inter-Ministerial Review Committee

inclusiveness

The inclusion of the (interests of) different types of people and treating them fairly and equally, considering their different roles and interests in water management

INGO

International NGO

inlet

Structure designed to only admit (fresh or saline) water across an embankment.

intensification of agriculture

Increasing agricultural production per unit of inputs, such as per unit of land

interventions

A defined set of temporary activities through which facilitators seek to effect change

IOB

The Policy and Operations Evaluation Department (IOB) is the independent evaluation service of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands which researches and prepares reports on the outcomes of Dutch foreign policy for reasons of accountability and so that the findings can be used in adjusting future policymaking

IP

Input Providers

IPM

Integrated Pest Management

IPSWAM

Integrated Planning for Sustainable Water Management

IPSWARM

(Guidelines for) Integrated Planning for Sustainable Water Resources Management

IPWM

in-polder water management

In-polder water management; term used in Blue Gold to describe water management interventions which aim to deliver excess water from the field through field drains to secondary khals and thence to primary khals for evacuation through the sluice/regulator

IRRI

International Rice Research Institute

ISPM

Institutional Strengthening and Project Management

IWM

Institute of Water Modelling

IWMI

International Water Management Institute

IWRM

Integrated Water Resources Management

Integrated Water Resources Management - Internationally-accepted approach for efficient, equitable and sustainable development and management of water resources especially applicable where there are multiple stakeholder interests with conflicting demands.

JBIC

Japanese Bank for International Cooperation

katcha

impermanent, unofficial; an unimproved version, eg earthen road, earth-walled house

keshari

Local pulse crop

khal

drainage channel or canal

kharif

The wet season - typically mid-March to mid-October - characterised by rain and high temperatures

kharif-1

The first part of the kharif season (mid-March to mid-June). Rainfall is variable and temperatures are high. The main crops are aus, summer vegetables and pulses. Broadcast aman and jute are planted.

kharif-2

The second part of the kharif season (mid-June to mid-October) characterised by heavy rain and floods. T Aman is the major crop grown in this season. Jute is harvested.

khas

Land owned by the state, including recently accreted land

KJDRP

Khulna Jessore Drainage Rehabilitation Project

KSS

Krishi Samabay Samity - farmer cooperative

kup

Protected dug well

landless

assumed in this report to operate up to 0.5 acres (0.2 ha)

Landless Contracting Societies

Groups of usually landless people who are contracted by an agency to carry out a certain type and volume of earthwork within a given time period. Term including 'landless' is generally used by Local Government Engineering Department (LGED) whereas BWDB's PWMR 2014 uses 'Labour' Contracting Societies.

large farmer

assumed in this report to operate more than 5.5 acres (2.23 ha)

LCG

Local Consultative Group

LCS

Groups of usually landless people who are contracted by an agency to carry out a certain type and volume of earthwork within a given time period. For BWDB, the rules for engagement of an LCS are set down in PWMR 2014 Chapter 6

LCS

Labour Contracting Societies

Labour Contracting Societies - Groups of usually landless people who are contracted by an agency to carry out a certain type and volume of earthwork within a given time period. For BWDB, the rules for engagement of an LCS are set down in PWMR 2014 Chapter 6

LG

Local Government

LGED

Local Government Engineering Department

LGI

LGIs

Local Government Institutions - Union Parishad, Upazila Parishad etc

lift gate

vertical gate typically raised and lowered by operating a handwheel up and down a vertical screw, with the gate kept in position by means of steel channels set in the walls of a regulator.

livelihood

livelihoods

A livelihood is a way of making a living. It comprises capabilities, skills, assets (including material and social resources), and activities that households put together to produce food, meet basic needs, earn income, or establish a means of living in any other way.

livelihood strategies

The strategies that people employ in order to utilize and transfer assets to produce income today and deal with problems tomorrow. These strategies change and adapt in response to various shocks, external influences, institutional norms and rules, and other factors.

local varieties

Varieties developed by farmers, sometimes referred to as local improved varieties (LIVs)

lowland

Prone to seasonal (<9 months) or perennial flooding (>9 months), land on which B aman can be grown in the monsoon season. Flood depth 180-300 cm or more

LRP

Land Reclamation Project

LV

low value crop(s)

M/F

Male / Female

M&E

Monitoring and Evaluation

maintenance

actions taken to prevent or repair the deterioration of water management infrastructure and to keep the physical components of a water management system in such a state that they can serve their intended function.

market

Any formal or informal structure (not necessarily a physical place) in which buyers and sellers exchange goods, labour, or services for cash or other goods. The word 'market' can simply mean the place in which goods or services are exchanged. Essentially, markets are defined by forces of supply and demand, rather than geographical location

market linkages

Also known as 'business linkages'. Linkages refer to the trading relationships between and among producers, input providers and traders, and other enterprises in a supply chain or value chain. We refer to Backward linkages on the input side and Forward linkages on the output side of the producer.

market orientation

Within BGP this refers to enhancing insights of especially FFS participants in how markets work, how to collect market information, facilitating linkages with market actors and increasing negotiation capacities

maund

unit of weight 37.3 kg, equal to 40 seer

medium farmer

assumed in this report to operate between 2.5 acres and 5.5 acres (1.0 to 2.23 ha)

medium highland

Prone to seasonal flooding, land suited to local varieties of aus and T aman in the monsoon season. Flood depth: 30-90 cm

medium lowland

Prone to seasonal flooding, land suited to B Aman in monsoon season. Flood depth: 90-180 cm

MFI

MFIs

Micro Finance Institute

MFS

Market-oriented Farmer Field School

Market-oriented Farmer Field School - Farmer Field Schools dealing with cash crops or other commercial production, such as aquaculture, integrating market orientation. Specific MFS were conducted in the first years of BGP; later all FFS included market orientation.

MIS

Management Information System

MLGRDC

Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives

MoA

Ministry of Agriculture

mohajon

village money lender

MoU

MoUs

Memorandum of Understanding

mouza

an administrative unit chiefly used for cadastral land registration

MoWR

Ministry of Water Resources

mPower

mPower is the social enterprise which is dedicated to information technology solutions and strategies that maximize impact on people’s lives.

MRL

Monitoring, Reflection & Learning

MT

metric ton (tonne)

MTR

Mid – Term Review Mission

NAEP

New Agriculture Extension Policy

natok

popular theatre, a living tradition especially in rural areas of Bangladesh, and a powerful and accepted instrument which can be used to raise discussion on sensitive issues

NEC

National Economic Council

NGO

Non-Governmental Organisation

NSB

National Seed Board

NWMP

National Water Management Plan

NWPo

National Water Policy

NWRC

National Water Resources Commission

NWRD

National Water Resources Database

O&M

Operation and Maintenance

O&M Sub-Committee

A sub-committee of a Water Management Association (WMA) responsible for the planning operation and maintenance of water infrastructure in a specific catchment.

OCWM

Office of the Chief of Water Management (in BWDB) responsible for the 'establishment of water user organizations, their training and participation, in project planning, implementation, operation and maintenance and cost recovery'

ODK

Open Data Kit

OFRD

On‐Farm Research Division

OMPI

O&M Performance Improvement

OMS

Open Market Sale

operation

the adjustment of gates in water management infrastructure to control hydraulic conditions (water levels and discharges) in a water management system.

outlet structure

gated structure (typically with only a flap gate on the river-side) designed to drain water through the polder embankment to an external tidal river channel

owner-operator

a person who farms or otherwise operates his own land

paiker

buys produce directly from individual farmers and sells bulk produce to arotdar or to destination market. Exerts a main influence on price earned by farmers.

participation

A process through which stakeholders influence and share control over development initiatives and the decisions and resources which affect them.

PWM

participatory water management

Participatory Water Management

A process by which the local stakeholders are directly and actively involved in identification, planning, design, implementation, operation & maintenance and evaluation of a water management project.

PBDP 2100

Preparation of Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100

PCD

Program Coordinating Director

PD

Project Director

PDP

Polder Development Plan

Polder Development Plan - presents an integrated analysis and planning for a specific polder covering community mobilization, water management, agriculture, business development, environment, gender, and institutions. A deliverable product under the BWDB Development Project Proforma (DPP). PDPs for all 22 polders are available through the File Library.

peripheral rivers

In the coastal zone, the river or rivers surrounding a polder which carry the outflow from the regulators or sluices to the sea

PF

PFs

Producer Group Facilitator

plot

contiguous area of land operated as a single unit by a farmer - average area of 27 decimals (0.11 ha), with a normal range between 10 and 70 decimals (0.04 to 0.28 ha)

PM

Participatory Monitoring

PM

Progress Marker

PMC

Project Management Committee

polder

An area of low-lying land surrounded by an earthen embankment to prevent flooding by river or seawater, with associated structures which are provided to either drain excess rainwater within the polder or to admit freshwater to be stored in a khal for subsequent use for irrigation.

PPP

Public Private Partnership

primary infrastructure

The main channels or khals within a polder through which excess rain or flood water is discharged to an external tidal river channel and thence to the sea via a regulator, sluice or outlet in the polder embankment.

productive work

Labour that results in goods or services that have monetary value in the capitalist system and are thus compensated by the producers in the form of a paid wage, or otherwise results into (monetary) income. Productive work includes subsistence agriculture and homestead production.

PS

Private Sector

PSC

Program Steering Committee

PSD

Private Sector Development

PSSWRSP

Participatory Small Scale Water Resources Sector Project

PSTU

Patuakhali Science and Technology University

pucca

permanent, official, an improved version: brick-paved road as opposed to an earthen road; brick-built house as opposed to earth-walled house

PWMR

Participatory Water Management Rules (2014)

rabi

The dry season (typically mid-October to mid-March) with low or minimal rainfall, high evapotranspiration rates, low temperatures and clear skies with bright sunshine. Crops grown are boro, pulses, sunflower, sesame and mungbean.

RAC

Regional Accounts Committee (BWDB) is inter alia responsible for the administration of payments for construction contracts

RDPP

Revised Development Project Proforma

regulator

the principal function of a regulator or drainage sluice is to allow the drainage of water from the polder into a peripheral river when there is a differential head across the regulator (ie when the polder or country-side water level exceeds the level in the tidal river). The regulator is provided with a lift gate on the country-side (to allow freshwater to be held in the khal for irrigation during the dry season) and a flap gate on the river-side (to prevent water entry from the river channel into the polder during high tide conditions). A frame is provided on the river-side so that the flap gate can be lifted when there is freshwater in the river (during the monsoon flood season), thus allowing freshwater to be stored in the khal within the polder and used for irrigation during the dry season. The size of the culvert is determined from the drainage area served by the structure.

reproductive work

Labour that is associated with the private sphere and involves anything that people have to do for themselves that is not for the purposes of receiving a wage or producing goods. It includes cleaning and repairs, cooking, care, and fetching water and fuel. Reproductive work is also referred to as unpaid care work (UCW) or domestic work and care.

RF

Resource Farmers

Resource Farmers (RF) are members of Farmer Field Schools (FFSs). They are selected from the FFS groups to lead other members in organizing different useful collective actions and to maintain networks on behalf of the members. These RFs are given additional capacity building training to enhance their knowlege on simple record keeping and business skills.

responsible development

In BGP's context this refers to inclusive and sustainable development as transversal elements within BGP's approach, with inclusiveness meaning that also women and poor household benefit from BGP

retention structure

a structure that provides for the storage of runoff and is designed to maintain a permanent pool of water.

riverbank erosion

the removal of materials in the river bank by water flowing in the river channel; also termed bank scour. In coastal polders, riverbank erosion - if unchecked - can result in breaches to polder embankments - where they are aligned close to rivers - and consequent loss of human and animal life as well as damage to farmland, crops, housing, and other infrastructure.

RMG

Ready Made Garments

ROI

Return on Investment

RRI

River Research Institute - a national public organisation under the Ministry of Water Resources, headquartered at Harukandi in Faridpur, with two technical directorates for hydraulic research and geotechnical research

rural transformation

A process of change in rural areas strengthening the local economies

SAAO

SAAOs

Sub-Assistant Agricultural Officer (DAE)

SAE

Sub-Assistant Engineer (BWDB)

saline intrusion

The influx of sea water into an area that is not normally exposed to high salinity levels - for example, the inflow of seawater into a fresh water wetland or a fresh water aquifer.

salinisation

An increase in salt content within soils due to (a) 'primary salinity' in which natural processes cause fluctuations in soil salt content; or (b) 'secondary salinity' - which is of greater concern - where man-made or climate change affect natural soil salinity levels

samity

samities

association or society

SC

South-Central hydrological region, one of the eight hydrological regions covering Bangladesh, with an area of 15,436 km2 including the Arial Khan river

SDE

Sub-Divisional Engineer (BWDB)

SE

Superintending Engineer (BWDB)

secondary infrastructure

Smaller channels connecting sub-catchments to main channels, sometimes with associated minor structures (e.g. small one vent sluice) which regulate flow between primary and secondary infrastructure. Secondary channels may also be called sakha-khal or branch-khals.

sedimentation

Sedimentation is the process by which fine particles of silt and clay suspended in river water settle out, for example when there is a drop in velocity.

sediment transport

sediment transport is the general term used for transport of silt, sand, gravel, boulders in rivers

Seer

unit of weight 0.93 kg, equal to 80 tola

sharecropper

a person who operates land owned by others under an agreed output and input sharing arrangement

SIBDP 2100

Support to the Implementation of the Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100

siltation

Typically undesirable increase in concentration and deposition of water-borne silt particles in a body of water.

SIMT

System Improvement and Management Transfer

six step approach

An approach in six steps to develop Water Management Groups developed by the previous IPSWAM project

sluice

A vertical gate to control the flow of water; also referred to as 'regulator'

small farmer

assumed in this report to operate between 0.5 acres and 2.5 acres (0.2 to 1.0 ha)

SO

Section Officer (BWDB)

SRP

Systems Rehabilitation Project

SSSFCDI

Second Small Scale Flood Control Drainage and Irrigation Project

SSWMI

Small-scale water management structure: an initiative to improve in-polder drainage and irrigation conditions in Blue Gold polders which was started in 2018. The improvement of secondary and tertiary infrastructure across the coastal zone will involve a large number of small-scale structures and huge volumes of earthwork. The planning, design, contracting, supervising and monitoring of this small-scale infrastructure would be highly resource-intensive if provided with the same level of involvement as is provided by government engineering departments in large-scale infrastructure. Building on the success of the CAWM schemes, a pilot fund was made available so that WMOs could plan and implement small-scale water management infrastructure (SSWMI) with a relatively low-level of supervision from government or TA staff.

SSWRDSP

Small Scale Water Resources Development Sector Project

STW

shallow tube wells

sub-catchment

Part of the catchment which is not directly connected to the regulator, and is hydrologically independent from other parts of the catchment.

sustainable water resources management

management actions required to address the changing demands on water resource systems both in the present and the long-term future so as to avoid system degradation

SVC

Strengthened Value Chain

SW

South-West hydrological region, one of the eight hydrological regions covering Bangladesh, with an area of 26,226 km2 including the Garai, Kumar and Bhairab-Kapatakhya rivers

SWAIWRPMP

Southwest Area Integrated Water Resources Planning and Management Project

T Aman

transplanted aman; a rice crop, with nurseries for seedlings started in June/July, for transplanting in July/August in areas liable to a maximum flood depth of about 50cm. Harvested in November/December. Local varieties are sensitive to daylength whereas modern varieties are insensitive or only slightly sensitive.

T Aus

transplanted aus; The distinction between a late-planted boro and early transplanted aus is academic since the same varieties may be used. Insensitive to daylength.

T&C

Training & Communications

TA

Technical Assistance

tertiary infrastructure

smaller channels connecting fields to secondary infrastructure, sometimes with associated small scale structures (gated pipe or box culverts) which regulate flow between secondary channels and tertiary channels. Tertiary channels may also be called sakha-khals or branch-khals.

tidal flooding

tidal flooding is the temporary inundation of low-lying areas during high tide events.

tidal rivers

river whose flow and level are influenced by tides

TL

Team Leader

TNA

Training Needs Assessment

ToC

Theory of Change, planning tool

Tola

unit of weight 11.7 g

ToR

Terms of Reference

ToT

Training of trainers

TR

Technical Report

TSP

Triple Supper Phosphate

TTAP

Technology Transfer for Agricultural Production (DAE)

UAEO

Upazila Agricultural Extension Officer (DAE)

UAO

Upazila Agricultural Officer (DAE)

UMIC

Upper Middle Income Country

unified approach

The Blue Gold approach which integrated the earlier 'four components' (ie social empowerment, water management infrastructure, agricultural technologies and farming-as-a-business) into a single work process

Union

Lowest tier of local government

UP

Union Parishad

Union Parishad - Union Council chaired by an elected Union Chairman

UNO

Upazila Nirbahi Officer or Upazila Executive Officer. Appointed head of the civil administration at Upazila level

Unpaid care work (UCW) or Domestic work and care

Unpaid care work refers to all unpaid services provided within a household for its members, and includes caring for children, elderly and sick people and domestic tasks as washing, cooking, shopping, cleaning and helping other families with their chores. Unpaid care work is reproductive work.

Upazila Parishad chairman

Elected official assigned as Chief Executive of the Upazila Parishad.

UZP

Upazila Parishad

Upazila Parishad or Upazila Council: Middle tier of local government, between Union and District, chaired by an elected Upazila Chairman. The civil administration at this level is headed by the UNO

ustad

An ustad is a village-level technological entrepeneur who runs a local business providing services and/or goods eg electrical, mechanical repairs; cast iron foundry etc)

VC

Value Chain

value chain

Value chain - the set of activities that need to be performed in a specific production sector in order to deliver the end product to the consumer. Agricultural value chains typically include input supply, growing/production, processing and marketing/distribution.

VCA

Value Chain Analysis

VCD

Value Chain Development

VCS

Value Chain Selection

very lowland

>300cm seasonal or perennial flooding, does not permit growing of B Aman in the monsoon season

ward

Union sub-unit. Each Union comprises of 9 wards. Union Parishad members are elected to represent their ward

ward sobha

Ward-level public meeting to consult the ward inhabitants in the planning process of the Union

WARPO

Water Resources Plan Organisation

WASH

Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

waterlogging

Soil is regarded as waterlogged when it is nearly saturated with water much of the time such that its air phase is restricted and anaerobic conditions prevail. In agriculture, various crops need air (specifically, oxygen) to a greater or lesser depth in the soil. Waterlogging of the soil stops air getting in. How near the water table must be to the surface for the ground to be classed as waterlogged, varies with the purpose in view. A crop's demand for freedom from waterlogging may vary between seasons of the year.

water management

human intervention in the capture, conveyance, utilisation and drainage of surface and/or ground water in a certain area: a process of social interaction between stakeholders around the issue of water control.

WMA

WMAs

Water Management Association

Water Management Associations

Water Management Association - In Blue Gold, the polder-level representative of WMGs, and signatory to an O&M Agreement with BWDB

Water Management Cooperative Association

The legal entity for a Water Management Organisation under registry by the Department of Cooperatives

WMF

Water Management Federation

Water Management Federation - The organization of local stakeholders at the apex level of the water resource project/sub-project/scheme

water management for development

The strapline of the Blue Gold Program for a transformative approach to smallholder agriculture which combines water infrastructure and locally-led initiatives for better water management, using modern agricultural technology and a business-orientation.

WMG

WMGs

Water Management Group

Water Management Groups

Water Management Group - The basic organizational unit in Blue Gold representing local stakeholders from a hydrological or social unit (para/village). Through Blue Gold, 511 WMGs have been formed and registered. The average WMG covers an area of around 230 ha has 365 households or a population of just over 1,500.

WAP

WAPs

Water Management Group Action Plan

Water Management Group Action Plan - A plan drafted by water management groups; initially as a formal requirement for registration; later on as a building block for a sluice catchment management plan

WMO

WMOs

Water Management Organization

Water Management Organizations

Water Management Organizations - The common name of organizations of the local stakeholders of a water resource project/sub-project/scheme. The concept WMO typically refers to WMGs and WMAs (and/or WMFs) together

Water management partnership

Regular cooperation between Water Management Organisations and partner organisations, such as Local Government Institutions, BWDB, DAE, community-based organisations and private sector organisations

water management stakeholders

Individuals (both men and women) whose livelihood is directly affected by a water management system, be it positively or negatively.

water productivity

the amount of output (such as crops) produced per unit water

WB

World Bank

WBC

Women’s Business Centre

WF

WorldFish (CGIAR)

WMCA

Water Management Cooperative Association

WMIP

Water Management Improvement Project (WB-funded)

WMKIP

Water Management Knowledge and Innovation Program - starting in December 2017 and led by Deltares and the Institute of Water Modelling (IWM) with the aim of contributing to the long term development goals for the Southern Coastal Region as well as to objectives of the Blue Gold Program through tested and sustainable water management innovations, knowledge development and participatory action research. https://www.deltares.nl/en/news/developing-water-management-innovations-local-communities-bangladesh/

WEE

women's economic empowerment

Women’s Economic Empowerment - Economic empowerment is the capacity of women and men to participate in, contribute to and benefit from growth processes in ways that recognise the value of their contributions, respect their dignity and make it possible to negotiate a fairer distribution of the benefits of growth. Women's economic empowerment increases women's access to economic resources and opportunities including jobs, financial services, property and other productive assets, skills development and market information.

women's empowerment

The process that women get more control over their own life. The following three dimensions are commonly distinguished: (1) Access to resources, including productive, human and social resources; such as inputs, assets, credit, skills, knowledge and social networks; (2) Increased participation and influence in decision-making, including about strategic life choices; (3) Improvements in well-being resulting from the above. Commonly four dimensions of women's empowerment are distinguished: economic empowerment, social empowerment, political empowerment and physical empowerment.

women's physical empowerment

The right of women to safety and security, to access to proper health care and reproductive health services, and the ability to resist violence. This also includes access to adequate nutrition and WASH facilities and the absence of physical overburdening.

women's political empowerment

The capacity of women to organize one self and others, to take part in society and its democratic processes, to make one's voice heard and have the opportunity to influence decision-making. This applies to all levels, from local level (such as WMOs) to national level.

women's socio-cultural empowerment

The capacity of women to have their own independent identity, a positive self-image and social status as an individual and as a group.

WMPS

Water Management Problem Score

WRM

Water Resource Management

WUR

Wageningen University and Research Centre

XEN

Executive Engineer (BWDB)

ZSE

Zonal Socio-Economist - a social scientist working in the technical assistance (TA) team responsible for supervising activities in a group of polders.

Generally refers to how many and/or in which way people are able to buy or sell, and reach, a reliable supplier or buyer in a market

Any formal or informal structure (not necessarily a physical place) in which buyers and sellers exchange goods, labour, or services for cash or other goods. The word 'market' can simply mean the place in which goods or services are exchanged. Essentially, markets are defined by forces of supply and demand, rather than geographical location

Additional Director General

Annual Development Plan

Agricultural Extension Officer

Agricultural Growth and Employment Program

a shallow earth bund on plot boundaries which allows the ponding of water for basin irrigation

contiguous area of land operated as a single unit by a farmer - average area of 27 decimals (0.11 ha), with a normal range between 10 and 70 decimals (0.04 to 0.28 ha)

Agricultural Information Systems

a rice crop usually planted in March/April under dryland conditions, but in areas liable to deep flooding. Also known as deepwater rice. Harvested from October to December. All varieties are highly sensitive to daylength.

Annual Review Mission, the broad objective of which was to secure and where possible further enhance the relevance, efficiency, effectiveness and sustainability of the project. ARM members were individuals who were appointed by, and reported directly to, EKN and BWDB/DAE

Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the contractual representative of the Minister of Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation of the Netherlands and signatory to the agreement for the Blue Gold Program with the External Resources Division of the Ministry of Finance as the signatory for the Government of Bangladesh

Bangladesh Water Development Board, government agency which is responsible for surface water and groundwater management in Bangladesh, and lead implementing agency for the Blue Gold Program

Department of Agricultural Extension, a department of the Ministry of Agriculture responsible for disseminating scientific research and new knowledge on agricultural practices through communication and learning activities for farmers in agriculture, agricultural marketing, nutrition and business studies.

service provider to bepari and paikers in wholesale markets. Facilitates the buying/selling process, and may provide negotiation assistance with purchases, storage space, selling space, short term and seasonal credit, and arrange truck transport of goods purchased by bepari to market

key wholesaler in the supply chain, moves goods between markets by buying in source markets and selling in destination markets, and exerts the main influence on price earned by farmers.

a rice crop planted in March/April under dryland conditions. Matures during pre-monsoonal showers and is harvested in June/July. Insensitive to daylength.

broadcast aman; a rice crop usually planted in March/April under dryland conditions, but in areas liable to deep flooding. Also known as deepwater rice. Harvested from October to December. All varieties are highly sensitive to daylength.

broadcast aus; a rice crop planted in March/April under dryland conditions. Matures during pre-monsoonal showers and is harvested in June/July. Insensitive to daylength.

Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation

brackish-water shrimp species

oxbow lake

a homestead in which one or more households (chula) of the same kinship group share facilities within an enclosed or semi-enclosed compound

Literally a traditional cooking stove. Used here to identify a household - an independent economic family unit - which shares kitchen facilities and eats together

Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute

basok leaves are the leaves of a medicinal shrub found along road roadside, often used as fencing of houses in our polders (especially in Satkhira and Khulna) that are dried and then sold to pharmaceutical companies for medicine preparation, in particular to prepare cough syrup.

Bangladesh Agricultural University

Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics

Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation

Bangladesh Delta Plan

Business Development Services

Bangladesh Taka

wetland inundated for at least one season per year, formed by the inundation of a low-lying natural depression

Any individual or group who, in one way or another is favourably influenced by the project.

Blue Gold Innovation Fund

Blue Gold Program

Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board

area varies between localities - range 30-40 decimals (0.12-0.16 ha)

hectare

Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture

share-cropper

A rice crop planted under irrigation during the dry season from December to March and harvested between April and June. Local boro varieties are more tolerant of cool temperatures and are usually planted in areas which are subject to early flooding. Improved varieties, less tolerant of cool conditions, are usually transplanted from February onwards. All varieties are insensitive to daylength.

Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (an NGO)

Non-Governmental Organisation

Secondary or tertiary drainage channel (in Bangla sakha khal)

drainage channel or canal

eggplant, aubergine

small earthen embankment or dam

Earthen dyke or bundh raised above surrounding ground level, for example so that roads or railway lines are above highest flood levels, or so that an area is empoldered to protect it from external floods and saline waters.

Bangladesh Water and Flood Management Strategy

cage culture is an aquaculture production system in which the fish are held in floating net pens using existing water resources (riverss and ponds) with water passing freely between the fish and the surrounding water body for water circulation and waste removal into the surrounding water.

an idealised hydrologically independent drainage unit within a polder - comprising a network of inter-connected khals draining to a regulator from where water is discharged to a peripheral river. Because the land levels in a polder vary within a small range (typically up to a maximum of 1.5 m), water flows can be affected by downstream water conditions and eventually drain through more than one regulator at diffferent times of year. .

An area of low-lying land surrounded by an earthen embankment to prevent flooding by river or seawater, with associated structures which are provided to either drain excess rainwater within the polder or to admit freshwater to be stored in a khal for subsequent use for irrigation.

the principal function of a regulator or drainage sluice is to allow the drainage of water from the polder into a peripheral river when there is a differential head across the regulator (ie when the polder or country-side water level exceeds the level in the tidal river). The regulator is provided with a lift gate on the country-side (to allow freshwater to be held in the khal for irrigation during the dry season) and a flap gate on the river-side (to prevent water entry from the river channel into the polder during high tide conditions). A frame is provided on the river-side so that the flap gate can be lifted when there is freshwater in the river (during the monsoon flood season), thus allowing freshwater to be stored in the khal within the polder and used for irrigation during the dry season. The size of the culvert is determined from the drainage area served by the structure.

Identification and planning of both interventions and operations & maintenance within the catchment, resulting in an action plan for the catchment.

A defined set of temporary activities through which facilitators seek to effect change

actions taken to prevent or repair the deterioration of water management infrastructure and to keep the physical components of a water management system in such a state that they can serve their intended function.

Community-led Agricultural Water Management - with DAE, Blue Gold established a network of schemes for demonstration purposes where locally-applicable annual cropping patterns are introduced along with water level control facilitated by small-scale water infrastructure, and the development of value chain skills in farmers

Community-led Agricultural Water Management - with DAE, Blue Gold established a network of schemes for demonstration purposes where locally-applicable annual cropping patterns are introduced along with water level control facilitated by small-scale water infrastructure, and the development of value chain skills in farmers

Value chain - the set of activities that need to be performed in a specific production sector in order to deliver the end product to the consumer. Agricultural value chains typically include input supply, growing/production, processing and marketing/distribution.

Community Development Facilitator - a member of the Blue Gold technical assistance team who lived and worked in a specific polder, and provided the main point of contact between the project and the polder communities

Community Development Facilitator - a member of the Blue Gold technical assistance team who lived and worked in a specific polder, and provided the main point of contact between the project and the polder communities

Community Development Facilitator - a member of the Blue Gold technical assistance team who lived and worked in a specific polder, and provided the main point of contact between the project and the polder communities

Comprehensive Disaster Management Program

Char Development and Settlement Project

Center for Environmental and Geographic Information Services

Coastal Embankment Improvement Project

Community-led Fisheries and Water Management

Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research

husked rice

accreted sediment in a river course or estuary, including both lateral (point-bars) and medial (braid-bars). Chars (or sand bars) emerge as islands within the river channel (island chars) or as attached land to the riverbanks (attached chars), create new opportunities for temporary settlements and agriculture.

Cropping intensity - The number of crop harvest per unit land per year. The average cropping intensity (CI) is calculated as the total area of all crops per year divided by the area of cultivable land. In its CI calculations BGP treats fish ghers as another crop; the DAE method excludes fish ghers in its CI calculations. Hence the CI calculated by BGP is higher than as calculated by DAE.

Cropping intensity - The number of crop harvest per unit land per year. The average cropping intensity (CI) is calculated as the total area of all crops per year divided by the area of cultivable land. In its CI calculations BGP treats fish ghers as another crop; the DAE method excludes fish ghers in its CI calculations. Hence the CI calculated by BGP is higher than as calculated by DAE.

An area enclosed by low embankments to store either freshwater or brackish water for the production of fish, shrimps or prawns.

Cropping Intensity Initiative: Year-long demonstrations with farmers on increasing cropping intensity related to improved water management, also involving market actors, and by organising demand driven sessions and workshops

Cropping Intensity Initiative: Year-long demonstrations with farmers on increasing cropping intensity related to improved water management, also involving market actors, and by organising demand driven sessions and workshops

human intervention in the capture, conveyance, utilisation and drainage of surface and/or ground water in a certain area: a process of social interaction between stakeholders around the issue of water control.

International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre

Community-led Fisheries

Community Organiser

Community Organiser

Collective action - by a producer group is one way to partially overcome constraints such as in weak markets, where inputs and services essential to production innovations, are generally scarce, costly to access and/or to obtain. Collective action is working in group instead of individually in order to gain economic or social benefit. Through collective action, farmers can address constraints in their market linkages, organise their activities jointly and use their collective bargaining power to reduce input costs through bulk purchase, or to obtain services from buyers such as farm-level collection of produce

Collective action - by a producer group is one way to partially overcome constraints such as in weak markets, where inputs and services essential to production innovations, are generally scarce, costly to access and/or to obtain. Collective action is working in group instead of individually in order to gain economic or social benefit. Through collective action, farmers can address constraints in their market linkages, organise their activities jointly and use their collective bargaining power to reduce input costs through bulk purchase, or to obtain services from buyers such as farm-level collection of produce

Collective action - by a producer group is one way to partially overcome constraints such as in weak markets, where inputs and services essential to production innovations, are generally scarce, costly to access and/or to obtain. Collective action is working in group instead of individually in order to gain economic or social benefit. Through collective action, farmers can address constraints in their market linkages, organise their activities jointly and use their collective bargaining power to reduce input costs through bulk purchase, or to obtain services from buyers such as farm-level collection of produce

Also known as 'business linkages'. Linkages refer to the trading relationships between and among producers, input providers and traders, and other enterprises in a supply chain or value chain. We refer to Backward linkages on the input side and Forward linkages on the output side of the producer.

agricultural production aimed at meeting market-demands. It is based on establishing a profitable farming unit and involves a multitude of business relations with other actors in the market system. Used in contrast to subsistence farming which focuses mostly on home consumption.

Community Animal Health Workers: members of the community who are trained to provide farmers with basic health and production support for their animals

Community Animal Health Workers: members of the community who are trained to provide farmers with basic health and production support for their animals

Community Livestock Workers: members of the community who are trained to provide farmers with basic health and production support for their livestock

Community Livestock Workers: members of the community who are trained to provide farmers with basic health and production support for their livestock

Community mobilization is a process that brings together different societal factions to undertake development activities. Within BGP this especially refers to organizing the community members into Water Management Groups

Water Management Group - The basic organizational unit in Blue Gold representing local stakeholders from a hydrological or social unit (para/village). Through Blue Gold, 511 WMGs have been formed and registered. The average WMG covers an area of around 230 ha has 365 households or a population of just over 1,500.

A permanent structure placed in a farm canal, ditch, or subsurface drainage conduit, which provides control of the discharge of surface and/or subsurface drainage by menas of flashboards, gates, valves, risers, or pipes.

Compartmentalization Pilot Project (CPP)-FAP-20

Flood Action Plan

Community Poultry Workers: members of the community who are trained to provide farmers with basic health and production support for their poultry

Community Poultry Workers: members of the community who are trained to provide farmers with basic health and production support for their poultry

Challenge Programme on Water and Food

Earthen embankment placed across a khal or river to prevent water flow.

Cereal Systems Initiative for South Asia

A culvert is a structure that allows water to flow beneath a road, railroad, trail, or similar obstruction from one side to the other.

Chief of Water Management (BWDB)

courtyard sessions

Department of Agricultural Marketing

Danish International Development Agency

one hundredth of an acre (0.004 ha)

Department for International Development (UK government's development department); since September 2020, known as Foreign and Commonwealth Development Office - FCDO - after a merger with Foreign and Commonwealth Office - FCO

Director General

unhusked rice (paddy)

manually operated rice husking machine

Movement of resources from (few) low value commodities to more higher value ones, increasing the total production value and reducing risks

Department of Livestock Services, a government department under the Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock responsible for the livestock industry in Bangladesh

Department of Cooperatives

Department of Environment

Department of Fisheries, a government department under the Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock responsible for regulating the fisheries industry in Bangladesh

Department of Planning III, one of three planning departments in BWDB headed by a Superintending Engineer which reports to the Chief Engineer (Civil) Planning to the Assistant Director General (Planning)

Development Project Proforma: a formal document which sets out the intention of a GoB organisation to invest in a development project, seeking approval for the investment and, if successful, a budget allocation. The DPP follows a prescribed format, including the project’s financial and physical scope, benefits, and proposals for monitoring and internal and external audits. The approval of a development project proposal follows a number of stages: formation with preliminary studies, formulation to develop greater detail and with additional information to make the economic case for the project, scrutiny by the executing agencies and concerned ministries, appraisal by the Planning Commission, recommendation for approval by Project Evaluation Committee (PEC), Minister/ECNEC approval, and inclusion of a budgetary allocation in the Annual Development Plan (ADP).

Development Project Proforma: a formal document which sets out the intention of a GoB organisation to invest in a development project, seeking approval for the investment and, if successful, a budget allocation. The DPP follows a prescribed format, including the project’s financial and physical scope, benefits, and proposals for monitoring and internal and external audits. The approval of a development project proposal follows a number of stages: formation with preliminary studies, formulation to develop greater detail and with additional information to make the economic case for the project, scrutiny by the executing agencies and concerned ministries, appraisal by the Planning Commission, recommendation for approval by Project Evaluation Committee (PEC), Minister/ECNEC approval, and inclusion of a budgetary allocation in the Annual Development Plan (ADP).

Development Project Proforma: a formal document which sets out the intention of a GoB organisation to invest in a development project, seeking approval for the investment and, if successful, a budget allocation. The DPP follows a prescribed format, including the project’s financial and physical scope, benefits, and proposals for monitoring and internal and external audits. The approval of a development project proposal follows a number of stages: formation with preliminary studies, formulation to develop greater detail and with additional information to make the economic case for the project, scrutiny by the executing agencies and concerned ministries, appraisal by the Planning Commission, recommendation for approval by Project Evaluation Committee (PEC), Minister/ECNEC approval, and inclusion of a budgetary allocation in the Annual Development Plan (ADP).

Government of Bangladesh; a donor to the Blue Gold Program

the south-western coastal zone is characterised by broad tidal flats and fluvio-tidal plains, lying approximately 1 metre above sea level, with drainage provided by numerous tidal creeks and channels a some major rivers. Empolderisation now protects the intrusion of sea water to agricultural areas but restricts the deposition of sediments to within the channels, thus reducing the drainage capacity of the rivers and channels, causing drainage congestion.

Disaster Risk Reduction - The Union Disaster Management Committee (UDMC) has been given the mandate to lead disaster preparedness, mitigation, emergency response and post disaster rehabilitation, by informing local people, empowering them to take practical measures to reduce risk at household and community levels and to disseminate success stories of reducing disaster risks widely among local people.

Disaster Risk Reduction - The Union Disaster Management Committee (UDMC) has been given the mandate to lead disaster preparedness, mitigation, emergency response and post disaster rehabilitation, by informing local people, empowering them to take practical measures to reduce risk at household and community levels and to disseminate success stories of reducing disaster risks widely among local people.

Deputy Team Leader

deep tube wells

Executive Committee

Members of the Executive Committees of Water Management Organisations, i.e. of Water Management Groups or Water Management Associations. Each Executive Committee consists of 12 members, of whom at least 30% should be women as per government rules

Water Management Association - In Blue Gold, the polder-level representative of WMGs, and signatory to an O&M Agreement with BWDB

Environmental Clearance Certificate

Increase in the capacity of a country or an economic region to produce goods and services. It also refers to the increase in market value of the goods and services produced by an economy. It is usually calculated using inflation adjusted figures, in order to discount the effect of inflation on the price of the goods and services produced

Estuary Development Program

Environmental Impact Assessment

Environmental Impact Assessment

Early Implementation Project

Euroconsult Mott MacDonald

to surround an area of low-lying land by an earthen embankment to prevent flooding by river or seawater, with associated structures which are provided to either drain excess rainwater within the polder or to admit freshwater to be stored in a khal for subsequent use for irrigation.

empowerment is a process, enabling people to make choices and convert these into desired actions and results. In doing so, people take control of their own lives, improve their own position, set their own agenda, gain skills, develop self-confidence, solve problems, and develop self-sufficiency. Empowerment leads to genuine participation of all actors as it is a process of gaining self-confidence for individual development as well as to contribute towards development of others.

A process through which stakeholders influence and share control over development initiatives and the decisions and resources which affect them.

an environment of policies, regulations, norms, institutions, and overall economic governance which allows market systems to function and perform well

Earth Observation

Expression of Interest

East Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority

Equitable Water Management

boards temporarily placed in slots or grooves in the pier walls of regulators or sluices to prevent the flow of water during maintenance of the structure or gates.

Food and Agriculture Organization

small traders

Flood Control and Drainage

Flood Control, Drainage and Irrigation

A feasibility study is an analysis that takes all of a project's relevant factors into account—including economic, technical, legal, and scheduling considerations—to ascertain the likelihood of completing the project successfully.

A feasibility study is an analysis that takes all of a project's relevant factors into account—including economic, technical, legal, and scheduling considerations—to ascertain the likelihood of completing the project successfully.

Feminization of agriculture refers to the measurable increase of women's participation in the agricultural sector. This can be due to men taking up non-farm employment locally, male out-migration from rural areas to urban areas or abroad, poverty (need for women to raise income), and/or women's empowerment (women taking own initiatives to engage in agricultural production). The increase in agricultural productivity requiring more labour input (be it family or wage labour) can also contribute to a larger role of women in agriculture.

The process that women get more control over their own life. The following three dimensions are commonly distinguished: (1) Access to resources, including productive, human and social resources; such as inputs, assets, credit, skills, knowledge and social networks; (2) Increased participation and influence in decision-making, including about strategic life choices; (3) Improvements in well-being resulting from the above. Commonly four dimensions of women's empowerment are distinguished: economic empowerment, social empowerment, political empowerment and physical empowerment.

Farmer Field Day - Exchange events organized at the end of each Farmer Field School to share the FFS learnings with other community members

Farmer Field Day - Exchange events organized at the end of each Farmer Field School to share the FFS learnings with other community members

Farmer Field Day - Exchange events organized at the end of each Farmer Field School to share the FFS learnings with other community members

Farmer Field School - A group-based learning process through which farmers carry out experiential learning activities that help them to understand the ecology of their fields, based on simple experiments, regular field observations and group analysis. The knowledge gained from these activities enables participants to make their own locally specific decisions about crop management practices. This approach represents a radical departure from earlier agricultural extension programmes, in which farmers were expected to adopt generalized recommendations that are formulated by specialists from outside the community.

Farmer Field School - A group-based learning process through which farmers carry out experiential learning activities that help them to understand the ecology of their fields, based on simple experiments, regular field observations and group analysis. The knowledge gained from these activities enables participants to make their own locally specific decisions about crop management practices. This approach represents a radical departure from earlier agricultural extension programmes, in which farmers were expected to adopt generalized recommendations that are formulated by specialists from outside the community.

Farmer Field School - A group-based learning process through which farmers carry out experiential learning activities that help them to understand the ecology of their fields, based on simple experiments, regular field observations and group analysis. The knowledge gained from these activities enables participants to make their own locally specific decisions about crop management practices. This approach represents a radical departure from earlier agricultural extension programmes, in which farmers were expected to adopt generalized recommendations that are formulated by specialists from outside the community.

Farmer Field School - A group-based learning process through which farmers carry out experiential learning activities that help them to understand the ecology of their fields, based on simple experiments, regular field observations and group analysis. The knowledge gained from these activities enables participants to make their own locally specific decisions about crop management practices. This approach represents a radical departure from earlier agricultural extension programmes, in which farmers were expected to adopt generalized recommendations that are formulated by specialists from outside the community.

Focus Group Discussions - in which a group of participants from similar backgrounds or experiences gather to discuss a specific topic of interest, guided by a group facilitator who introduces the topics for discussion and helps the group to participate in a lively and natural discussion amongst themselves

Focus Group Discussions - in which a group of participants from similar backgrounds or experiences gather to discuss a specific topic of interest, guided by a group facilitator who introduces the topics for discussion and helps the group to participate in a lively and natural discussion amongst themselves

Hinged gate on the river-side of a regulator vent which automatically closes when water rises above the country-side water level.

The practice of admitting (fresh or saline) water for irrigation (or shrimp production) through regulators or inlets.

FFS Organiser in the technical assistance (TA) team

FFS Organiser in the technical assistance (TA) team

Technical Assistance

Flood and Riverbank Erosion Risk Management Investment Program - A program financed by ADB and EKN with consultancy services provided by Northwest Hydraulic Consutants and Mott MacDonald, which provided structural and non-structural flood and riverbank erosion risk management measures in three high priority subproject areas, with the aim in subsequent projects of extending the protected reaches using designs adjusted to current riverbank erosion conditions and considering the possibilities of reclaiming lost floodplain land.

the removal of materials in the river bank by water flowing in the river channel; also termed bank scour. In coastal polders, riverbank erosion - if unchecked - can result in breaches to polder embankments - where they are aligned close to rivers - and consequent loss of human and animal life as well as damage to farmland, crops, housing, and other infrastructure.

Feasibility Study / Feasibility Stage, especially of Blue Gold Innovation Fund projects

Farmer Trainer - Well-performing and capable farmers, previously trained in Farmer Field Schools, who became FFS facilitator themselves after ToT training

Farmer Trainer - Well-performing and capable farmers, previously trained in Farmer Field Schools, who became FFS facilitator themselves after ToT training

Farmer Trainer - Well-performing and capable farmers, previously trained in Farmer Field Schools, who became FFS facilitator themselves after ToT training

Farmer Trainer - Well-performing and capable farmers, previously trained in Farmer Field Schools, who became FFS facilitator themselves after ToT training

Training of trainers

Financial Year

Gender Action Plan

gross domestic product

General Economics Division, one of six divisions in the Planning Commission, with responsibility for the preparation of mid- and long-term plans; M&E of plans; and the determination of macroeconomic scenarios

Monitoring and Evaluation

Refers to socially constructed and therefore learned roles and responsibilities ascribed to men and women, girls and boys based on their sex. Gender is not the same as sex, the physical and biological attributes that make someone female, male or both. Gender comprises the expectations, roles, attitudes and behaviours of women and men. Gender roles change over time and vary within and between cultures, societies and classes.

Gender-blindness refers to the failure to identify or acknowledge differences on the basis of gender where it is significant. Projects, programs, policies and attitudes which are gender blind do not take into account the different roles and needs of men and women. They maintain or reinforce the status quo and will not help transform the unequal structure of gender relations.

Gender relations are the specific sub-set of social relations uniting men and women as social groups in a particular community, including how power and access to and control over resources are distributed between the sexes. Gender relations intersect with all other influences on social relations - age, ethnicity, race, religion - to determine the position and identity of people in a social group. Since gender relations are a social construct, they can be transformed over time to become more equitable.

Gender equality exists when men and women, boys and girls are attributed equal social value, equal rights and equal responsibilities; and men and women have equal access to the means (resources, opportunities) to exercise those rights and responsibilities. This does not mean that women and men will become the same, but rather that rights, responsibilities and opportunities will not depend on whether someone is born male or female.

Equity strategies refer to the processes used to achieve gender equality. Equity involves fairness in representation, participation, and benefits afforded to males and females. The goal is that both groups have a fair chance of having their needs met and that they have equal access to opportunities for realizing their full potential as human beings.

Gender indicators are performance indicators that help assess or measure the effects of a policy, programme or project on changes in gender relations and the status of men and women, and hence the extent of advancement of gender equality and/or women's empowerment. Gender indicators can be quantitative and qualitative.

Any issue where relations, differences, connections and/or inequalities between men and women have either a positive or negative effect or influence

This is the process of systematically recognizing and taking into account gender issues (such as differences between the conditions, roles and needs of women and men) within core activities of projects and programmes and covering design, implementation and M&E. Gender mainstreaming also takes into account the likely implications for men and women of planned interventions.

Refers to recognizing and taking into account gender issues, aiming to promote gender equality

Gender Equality Strategy and Action Plan (of BWDB)

An area enclosed by low embankments to store either freshwater or brackish water for the production of fish, shrimps or prawns.

Geographic Information Systems

Gender and Leadership Development (training)

freshwater prawn species

Government of the Netherlands; a donor to the Blue Gold Program

Guidelines for Participatory Water Management

A process by which the local stakeholders are directly and actively involved in identification, planning, design, implementation, operation & maintenance and evaluation of a water management project.

kinship group which traces its origins to a common male ancestor - an important element of social identity in a village

A hajol is an unfired earthenware nesting vessel for egg hatching, with small receptacles for water and seed to provide the immediate needs. The hajol saves the hen effort and time for searching food, thus ensuring proper hatching in less time, thereby reducing egg waste.

A hajol is an unfired earthenware nesting vessel for egg hatching, with small receptacles for water and seed to provide the immediate needs. The hajol saves the hen effort and time for searching food, thus ensuring proper hatching in less time, thereby reducing egg waste.

small rural market, held weekly or bi-weekly

herringbone bond - a brickwork pattern used as the wearing course for rural roads with a low traffic volume

Household

Household

0-30 cm: intermittent flooding, land suited to HYV T Aman in monsoon season

High Yielding Variety - Introduced varieties developed through formal breeding programs. HYVs have a higher yield potential than local varieties but require correspondingly high inputs of fertiliser and irrigation to achieve high yields.

transplanted aman; a rice crop, with nurseries for seedlings started in June/July, for transplanting in July/August in areas liable to a maximum flood depth of about 50cm. Harvested in November/December. Local varieties are sensitive to daylength whereas modern varieties are insensitive or only slightly sensitive.

Learning from peers; and in the context of Blue Gold, farmer-to-farmer learning in which a host WMG invites representatives from visiting WMGs to witness an event - such as the harvesting of a new variety of rice - to pass on the knowledge and lessons gained from their experience

Learning from peers; and in the context of Blue Gold, farmer-to-farmer learning in which a host WMG invites representatives from visiting WMGs to witness an event - such as the harvesting of a new variety of rice - to pass on the knowledge and lessons gained from their experience

Water Management Group - The basic organizational unit in Blue Gold representing local stakeholders from a hydrological or social unit (para/village). Through Blue Gold, 511 WMGs have been formed and registered. The average WMG covers an area of around 230 ha has 365 households or a population of just over 1,500.

Water Management Group - The basic organizational unit in Blue Gold representing local stakeholders from a hydrological or social unit (para/village). Through Blue Gold, 511 WMGs have been formed and registered. The average WMG covers an area of around 230 ha has 365 households or a population of just over 1,500.

Human Resources

high value crop(s)

High Yielding Variety - Introduced varieties developed through formal breeding programs. HYVs have a higher yield potential than local varieties but require correspondingly high inputs of fertiliser and irrigation to achieve high yields.

Varieties developed by farmers, sometimes referred to as local improved varieties (LIVs)

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

Integrated Crop Management

Integrated Coastal Resources Database

Information Communication Technology

Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) - Assistance to the Programme Development Office of the Integrated Coastal Zone Management Programme (PDO-ICZM)

Innovation Fund

International Financing Institution eg World Bank, Asian Development Bank

Integrated Farm Management Component (DANIDA-funded program)

Income Generating Activity

Irrigation Management Improvement project (IMIP)

Inter-Ministerial Review Committee

The inclusion of the (interests of) different types of people and treating them fairly and equally, considering their different roles and interests in water management

International NGO

Structure designed to only admit (fresh or saline) water across an embankment.

Increasing agricultural production per unit of inputs, such as per unit of land

The Policy and Operations Evaluation Department (IOB) is the independent evaluation service of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands which researches and prepares reports on the outcomes of Dutch foreign policy for reasons of accountability and so that the findings can be used in adjusting future policymaking

Input Providers

Integrated Pest Management

Integrated Planning for Sustainable Water Management

(Guidelines for) Integrated Planning for Sustainable Water Resources Management

In-polder water management; term used in Blue Gold to describe water management interventions which aim to deliver excess water from the field through field drains to secondary khals and thence to primary khals for evacuation through the sluice/regulator

In-polder water management; term used in Blue Gold to describe water management interventions which aim to deliver excess water from the field through field drains to secondary khals and thence to primary khals for evacuation through the sluice/regulator

A vertical gate to control the flow of water; also referred to as 'regulator'

International Rice Research Institute

Institutional Strengthening and Project Management

Institute of Water Modelling

International Water Management Institute

Integrated Water Resources Management - Internationally-accepted approach for efficient, equitable and sustainable development and management of water resources especially applicable where there are multiple stakeholder interests with conflicting demands.

Integrated Water Resources Management - Internationally-accepted approach for efficient, equitable and sustainable development and management of water resources especially applicable where there are multiple stakeholder interests with conflicting demands.

Japanese Bank for International Cooperation

impermanent, unofficial; an unimproved version, eg earthen road, earth-walled house

Local pulse crop

The wet season - typically mid-March to mid-October - characterised by rain and high temperatures

The first part of the kharif season (mid-March to mid-June). Rainfall is variable and temperatures are high. The main crops are aus, summer vegetables and pulses. Broadcast aman and jute are planted.

The second part of the kharif season (mid-June to mid-October) characterised by heavy rain and floods. T Aman is the major crop grown in this season. Jute is harvested.

Land owned by the state, including recently accreted land

Khulna Jessore Drainage Rehabilitation Project

Krishi Samabay Samity - farmer cooperative

Protected dug well

assumed in this report to operate up to 0.5 acres (0.2 ha)

Groups of usually landless people who are contracted by an agency to carry out a certain type and volume of earthwork within a given time period. Term including 'landless' is generally used by Local Government Engineering Department (LGED) whereas BWDB's PWMR 2014 uses 'Labour' Contracting Societies.

Local Government Engineering Department

Participatory Water Management Rules (2014)

assumed in this report to operate more than 5.5 acres (2.23 ha)

Local Consultative Group

Labour Contracting Societies - Groups of usually landless people who are contracted by an agency to carry out a certain type and volume of earthwork within a given time period. For BWDB, the rules for engagement of an LCS are set down in PWMR 2014 Chapter 6

Groups of usually landless people who are contracted by an agency to carry out a certain type and volume of earthwork within a given time period. For BWDB, the rules for engagement of an LCS are set down in PWMR 2014 Chapter 6

Labour Contracting Societies - Groups of usually landless people who are contracted by an agency to carry out a certain type and volume of earthwork within a given time period. For BWDB, the rules for engagement of an LCS are set down in PWMR 2014 Chapter 6

Local Government

Local Government Institutions - Union Parishad, Upazila Parishad etc

Local Government Institutions - Union Parishad, Upazila Parishad etc

Union Parishad - Union Council chaired by an elected Union Chairman

vertical gate typically raised and lowered by operating a handwheel up and down a vertical screw, with the gate kept in position by means of steel channels set in the walls of a regulator.

A livelihood is a way of making a living. It comprises capabilities, skills, assets (including material and social resources), and activities that households put together to produce food, meet basic needs, earn income, or establish a means of living in any other way.

A livelihood is a way of making a living. It comprises capabilities, skills, assets (including material and social resources), and activities that households put together to produce food, meet basic needs, earn income, or establish a means of living in any other way.

The strategies that people employ in order to utilize and transfer assets to produce income today and deal with problems tomorrow. These strategies change and adapt in response to various shocks, external influences, institutional norms and rules, and other factors.

Prone to seasonal (<9 months) or perennial flooding (>9 months), land on which B aman can be grown in the monsoon season. Flood depth 180-300 cm or more

Land Reclamation Project

low value crop(s)

Male / Female

Within BGP this refers to enhancing insights of especially FFS participants in how markets work, how to collect market information, facilitating linkages with market actors and increasing negotiation capacities

unit of weight 37.3 kg, equal to 40 seer

assumed in this report to operate between 2.5 acres and 5.5 acres (1.0 to 2.23 ha)

Prone to seasonal flooding, land suited to local varieties of aus and T aman in the monsoon season. Flood depth: 30-90 cm

Prone to seasonal flooding, land suited to B Aman in monsoon season. Flood depth: 90-180 cm

Micro Finance Institute

Micro Finance Institute

Market-oriented Farmer Field School - Farmer Field Schools dealing with cash crops or other commercial production, such as aquaculture, integrating market orientation. Specific MFS were conducted in the first years of BGP; later all FFS included market orientation.

Market-oriented Farmer Field School - Farmer Field Schools dealing with cash crops or other commercial production, such as aquaculture, integrating market orientation. Specific MFS were conducted in the first years of BGP; later all FFS included market orientation.

Management Information System

Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives

Ministry of Agriculture

village money lender

Memorandum of Understanding

Memorandum of Understanding

an administrative unit chiefly used for cadastral land registration

Ministry of Water Resources

mPower is the social enterprise which is dedicated to information technology solutions and strategies that maximize impact on people’s lives.

Monitoring, Reflection & Learning

metric ton (tonne)

Mid – Term Review Mission

New Agriculture Extension Policy

popular theatre, a living tradition especially in rural areas of Bangladesh, and a powerful and accepted instrument which can be used to raise discussion on sensitive issues

National Economic Council

National Seed Board

National Water Management Plan

National Water Policy

National Water Resources Commission

National Water Resources Database

Operation and Maintenance

A sub-committee of a Water Management Association (WMA) responsible for the planning operation and maintenance of water infrastructure in a specific catchment.

Water Management Association - In Blue Gold, the polder-level representative of WMGs, and signatory to an O&M Agreement with BWDB

Water Management Association - In Blue Gold, the polder-level representative of WMGs, and signatory to an O&M Agreement with BWDB

the adjustment of gates in water management infrastructure to control hydraulic conditions (water levels and discharges) in a water management system.

Office of the Chief of Water Management (in BWDB) responsible for the 'establishment of water user organizations, their training and participation, in project planning, implementation, operation and maintenance and cost recovery'

Open Data Kit

On‐Farm Research Division

O&M Performance Improvement

Open Market Sale

gated structure (typically with only a flap gate on the river-side) designed to drain water through the polder embankment to an external tidal river channel

a person who farms or otherwise operates his own land

buys produce directly from individual farmers and sells bulk produce to arotdar or to destination market. Exerts a main influence on price earned by farmers.

A process by which the local stakeholders are directly and actively involved in identification, planning, design, implementation, operation & maintenance and evaluation of a water management project.

A process by which the local stakeholders are directly and actively involved in identification, planning, design, implementation, operation & maintenance and evaluation of a water management project.

Preparation of Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100

Program Coordinating Director

Project Director

Polder Development Plan - presents an integrated analysis and planning for a specific polder covering community mobilization, water management, agriculture, business development, environment, gender, and institutions. A deliverable product under the BWDB Development Project Proforma (DPP). PDPs for all 22 polders are available through the File Library.

Polder Development Plan - presents an integrated analysis and planning for a specific polder covering community mobilization, water management, agriculture, business development, environment, gender, and institutions. A deliverable product under the BWDB Development Project Proforma (DPP). PDPs for all 22 polders are available through the File Library.

In the coastal zone, the river or rivers surrounding a polder which carry the outflow from the regulators or sluices to the sea

Producer Group Facilitator

Producer Group Facilitator

Progress Marker

Participatory Monitoring

Project Management Committee

Public Private Partnership

The main channels or khals within a polder through which excess rain or flood water is discharged to an external tidal river channel and thence to the sea via a regulator, sluice or outlet in the polder embankment.

Labour that results in goods or services that have monetary value in the capitalist system and are thus compensated by the producers in the form of a paid wage, or otherwise results into (monetary) income. Productive work includes subsistence agriculture and homestead production.

Private Sector

Program Steering Committee

Private Sector Development

Participatory Small Scale Water Resources Sector Project

Patuakhali Science and Technology University

permanent, official, an improved version: brick-paved road as opposed to an earthen road; brick-built house as opposed to earth-walled house

The dry season (typically mid-October to mid-March) with low or minimal rainfall, high evapotranspiration rates, low temperatures and clear skies with bright sunshine. Crops grown are boro, pulses, sunflower, sesame and mungbean.

Regional Accounts Committee (BWDB) is inter alia responsible for the administration of payments for construction contracts

Revised Development Project Proforma

Labour that is associated with the private sphere and involves anything that people have to do for themselves that is not for the purposes of receiving a wage or producing goods. It includes cleaning and repairs, cooking, care, and fetching water and fuel. Reproductive work is also referred to as unpaid care work (UCW) or domestic work and care.

Resource Farmers (RF) are members of Farmer Field Schools (FFSs). They are selected from the FFS groups to lead other members in organizing different useful collective actions and to maintain networks on behalf of the members. These RFs are given additional capacity building training to enhance their knowlege on simple record keeping and business skills.

Resource Farmers (RF) are members of Farmer Field Schools (FFSs). They are selected from the FFS groups to lead other members in organizing different useful collective actions and to maintain networks on behalf of the members. These RFs are given additional capacity building training to enhance their knowlege on simple record keeping and business skills.

In BGP's context this refers to inclusive and sustainable development as transversal elements within BGP's approach, with inclusiveness meaning that also women and poor household benefit from BGP

a structure that provides for the storage of runoff and is designed to maintain a permanent pool of water.

Ready Made Garments

Return on Investment

River Research Institute - a national public organisation under the Ministry of Water Resources, headquartered at Harukandi in Faridpur, with two technical directorates for hydraulic research and geotechnical research

A process of change in rural areas strengthening the local economies

Sub-Assistant Agricultural Officer (DAE)

Sub-Assistant Agricultural Officer (DAE)

Sub-Assistant Engineer (BWDB)

The influx of sea water into an area that is not normally exposed to high salinity levels - for example, the inflow of seawater into a fresh water wetland or a fresh water aquifer.

An increase in salt content within soils due to (a) 'primary salinity' in which natural processes cause fluctuations in soil salt content; or (b) 'secondary salinity' - which is of greater concern - where man-made or climate change affect natural soil salinity levels

association or society

association or society

South-Central hydrological region, one of the eight hydrological regions covering Bangladesh, with an area of 15,436 km2 including the Arial Khan river

Sub-Divisional Engineer (BWDB)

Superintending Engineer (BWDB)

Smaller channels connecting sub-catchments to main channels, sometimes with associated minor structures (e.g. small one vent sluice) which regulate flow between primary and secondary infrastructure. Secondary channels may also be called sakha-khal or branch-khals.

Sedimentation is the process by which fine particles of silt and clay suspended in river water settle out, for example when there is a drop in velocity.

sediment transport is the general term used for transport of silt, sand, gravel, boulders in rivers

unit of weight 0.93 kg, equal to 80 tola

a person who operates land owned by others under an agreed output and input sharing arrangement

Support to the Implementation of the Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100

Typically undesirable increase in concentration and deposition of water-borne silt particles in a body of water.

System Improvement and Management Transfer

An approach in six steps to develop Water Management Groups developed by the previous IPSWAM project

assumed in this report to operate between 0.5 acres and 2.5 acres (0.2 to 1.0 ha)

Section Officer (BWDB)

Systems Rehabilitation Project

Second Small Scale Flood Control Drainage and Irrigation Project

Small-scale water management structure: an initiative to improve in-polder drainage and irrigation conditions in Blue Gold polders which was started in 2018. The improvement of secondary and tertiary infrastructure across the coastal zone will involve a large number of small-scale structures and huge volumes of earthwork. The planning, design, contracting, supervising and monitoring of this small-scale infrastructure would be highly resource-intensive if provided with the same level of involvement as is provided by government engineering departments in large-scale infrastructure. Building on the success of the CAWM schemes, a pilot fund was made available so that WMOs could plan and implement small-scale water management infrastructure (SSWMI) with a relatively low-level of supervision from government or TA staff.

smaller channels connecting fields to secondary infrastructure, sometimes with associated small scale structures (gated pipe or box culverts) which regulate flow between secondary channels and tertiary channels. Tertiary channels may also be called sakha-khals or branch-khals.

Water Management Organizations - The common name of organizations of the local stakeholders of a water resource project/sub-project/scheme. The concept WMO typically refers to WMGs and WMAs (and/or WMFs) together

Small Scale Water Resources Development Sector Project

shallow tube wells

Part of the catchment which is not directly connected to the regulator, and is hydrologically independent from other parts of the catchment.

management actions required to address the changing demands on water resource systems both in the present and the long-term future so as to avoid system degradation

Strengthened Value Chain

Value chain - the set of activities that need to be performed in a specific production sector in order to deliver the end product to the consumer. Agricultural value chains typically include input supply, growing/production, processing and marketing/distribution.

South-West hydrological region, one of the eight hydrological regions covering Bangladesh, with an area of 26,226 km2 including the Garai, Kumar and Bhairab-Kapatakhya rivers

Southwest Area Integrated Water Resources Planning and Management Project

transplanted aus; The distinction between a late-planted boro and early transplanted aus is academic since the same varieties may be used. Insensitive to daylength.

Training & Communications

tidal flooding is the temporary inundation of low-lying areas during high tide events.

river whose flow and level are influenced by tides

Team Leader

Training Needs Assessment

Theory of Change, planning tool

unit of weight 11.7 g

Terms of Reference

Technical Report

Triple Supper Phosphate

Technology Transfer for Agricultural Production (DAE)

Upazila Agricultural Extension Officer (DAE)

Upazila Agricultural Officer (DAE)

Upper Middle Income Country

The Blue Gold approach which integrated the earlier 'four components' (ie social empowerment, water management infrastructure, agricultural technologies and farming-as-a-business) into a single work process

Lowest tier of local government

Union Parishad - Union Council chaired by an elected Union Chairman

Upazila Nirbahi Officer or Upazila Executive Officer. Appointed head of the civil administration at Upazila level

Unpaid care work refers to all unpaid services provided within a household for its members, and includes caring for children, elderly and sick people and domestic tasks as washing, cooking, shopping, cleaning and helping other families with their chores. Unpaid care work is reproductive work.

Elected official assigned as Chief Executive of the Upazila Parishad.

Upazila Parishad or Upazila Council: Middle tier of local government, between Union and District, chaired by an elected Upazila Chairman. The civil administration at this level is headed by the UNO

Upazila Parishad or Upazila Council: Middle tier of local government, between Union and District, chaired by an elected Upazila Chairman. The civil administration at this level is headed by the UNO

An ustad is a village-level technological entrepeneur who runs a local business providing services and/or goods eg electrical, mechanical repairs; cast iron foundry etc)

Value chain - the set of activities that need to be performed in a specific production sector in order to deliver the end product to the consumer. Agricultural value chains typically include input supply, growing/production, processing and marketing/distribution.

Value Chain Analysis

Value Chain Development

Value Chain Selection

>300cm seasonal or perennial flooding, does not permit growing of B Aman in the monsoon season

Union sub-unit. Each Union comprises of 9 wards. Union Parishad members are elected to represent their ward

Ward-level public meeting to consult the ward inhabitants in the planning process of the Union

Water Resources Plan Organisation

Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

Soil is regarded as waterlogged when it is nearly saturated with water much of the time such that its air phase is restricted and anaerobic conditions prevail. In agriculture, various crops need air (specifically, oxygen) to a greater or lesser depth in the soil. Waterlogging of the soil stops air getting in. How near the water table must be to the surface for the ground to be classed as waterlogged, varies with the purpose in view. A crop's demand for freedom from waterlogging may vary between seasons of the year.

Water Management Association - In Blue Gold, the polder-level representative of WMGs, and signatory to an O&M Agreement with BWDB

The legal entity for a Water Management Organisation under registry by the Department of Cooperatives

Water Management Federation - The organization of local stakeholders at the apex level of the water resource project/sub-project/scheme

Water Management Federation - The organization of local stakeholders at the apex level of the water resource project/sub-project/scheme

The strapline of the Blue Gold Program for a transformative approach to smallholder agriculture which combines water infrastructure and locally-led initiatives for better water management, using modern agricultural technology and a business-orientation.

Water Management Group - The basic organizational unit in Blue Gold representing local stakeholders from a hydrological or social unit (para/village). Through Blue Gold, 511 WMGs have been formed and registered. The average WMG covers an area of around 230 ha has 365 households or a population of just over 1,500.

Water Management Group Action Plan - A plan drafted by water management groups; initially as a formal requirement for registration; later on as a building block for a sluice catchment management plan

Water Management Group Action Plan - A plan drafted by water management groups; initially as a formal requirement for registration; later on as a building block for a sluice catchment management plan

Water Management Group Action Plan - A plan drafted by water management groups; initially as a formal requirement for registration; later on as a building block for a sluice catchment management plan

Water Management Organizations - The common name of organizations of the local stakeholders of a water resource project/sub-project/scheme. The concept WMO typically refers to WMGs and WMAs (and/or WMFs) together

Water Management Organizations - The common name of organizations of the local stakeholders of a water resource project/sub-project/scheme. The concept WMO typically refers to WMGs and WMAs (and/or WMFs) together

Water Management Organizations - The common name of organizations of the local stakeholders of a water resource project/sub-project/scheme. The concept WMO typically refers to WMGs and WMAs (and/or WMFs) together

Regular cooperation between Water Management Organisations and partner organisations, such as Local Government Institutions, BWDB, DAE, community-based organisations and private sector organisations

Individuals (both men and women) whose livelihood is directly affected by a water management system, be it positively or negatively.

the amount of output (such as crops) produced per unit water

World Bank

Women’s Business Centre

WorldFish (CGIAR)

Water Management Cooperative Association

Water Management Improvement Project (WB-funded)

Water Management Knowledge and Innovation Program - starting in December 2017 and led by Deltares and the Institute of Water Modelling (IWM) with the aim of contributing to the long term development goals for the Southern Coastal Region as well as to objectives of the Blue Gold Program through tested and sustainable water management innovations, knowledge development and participatory action research. https://www.deltares.nl/en/news/developing-water-management-innovations-local-communities-bangladesh/

Women’s Economic Empowerment - Economic empowerment is the capacity of women and men to participate in, contribute to and benefit from growth processes in ways that recognise the value of their contributions, respect their dignity and make it possible to negotiate a fairer distribution of the benefits of growth. Women's economic empowerment increases women's access to economic resources and opportunities including jobs, financial services, property and other productive assets, skills development and market information.

Women’s Economic Empowerment - Economic empowerment is the capacity of women and men to participate in, contribute to and benefit from growth processes in ways that recognise the value of their contributions, respect their dignity and make it possible to negotiate a fairer distribution of the benefits of growth. Women's economic empowerment increases women's access to economic resources and opportunities including jobs, financial services, property and other productive assets, skills development and market information.

The right of women to safety and security, to access to proper health care and reproductive health services, and the ability to resist violence. This also includes access to adequate nutrition and WASH facilities and the absence of physical overburdening.

The capacity of women to organize one self and others, to take part in society and its democratic processes, to make one's voice heard and have the opportunity to influence decision-making. This applies to all levels, from local level (such as WMOs) to national level.

The capacity of women to have their own independent identity, a positive self-image and social status as an individual and as a group.

Water Management Problem Score

Water Resource Management

Wageningen University and Research Centre

Executive Engineer (BWDB)

Zonal Socio-Economist - a social scientist working in the technical assistance (TA) team responsible for supervising activities in a group of polders.